2025年9月26日，韓國國會以174票贊成、1票反對、5票棄權的壓倒性結果通過《政治組織法》修正案，正式推動韓國司法體制的一次歷史性改革。此法案宣布廢除存在78年的檢察廳制度，設立公訴廳與重大犯罪調查廳，實現偵查權與公訴權的分離，標誌著韓國司法結構的重大調整。

此次改革中，原隸屬法務部的檢察廳被廢除，新設立的公訴廳依然隸屬法務部，僅負責起訴職能；而重大犯罪調查廳則隸屬行政安全部，負責重大案件的偵查工作。一般刑事案件的偵查權交由警方處理，重大案件則由新機構負責，並設置一年過渡期，直到2026年9月完成全面交接。

改革的政治背景源於檢察廳長期以來享有獨立偵查與公訴權，能指揮警方辦案，並透過「特別檢察官」制度對總統進行調查，導致所謂的「青瓦台魔咒」，歷任總統多遭司法調查。此次改革由李在明及共同民主黨主導，旨在削弱檢察官權力，降低政治人物被司法清算的風險。

各方反應呈現明顯分歧。執政黨認為，此次改革終結了檢察霸權，有助於打破政治干預司法的惡性循環；而在野黨國民力量黨議員則集體退場抗議，批評改革破壞司法獨立。檢察系統內部亦有數十名檢察官辭職抗議，質疑改革違憲並可能影響案件辦理效率。

未來的挑戰仍然存在。右翼勢力計畫透過憲法訴訟與輿論攻勢阻撓改革，新設機構的職責分工、人員配置及司法銜接存在不確定性，過渡期可能引發運作混亂。這次改革的成敗與過渡期的順利實施，將直接影響韓國司法體系的未來運行格局。

On September 26, 2025, the South Korean National Assembly overwhelmingly passed an amendment to the Political Organization Act with 174 votes in favor, 1 against, and 5 abstentions, marking a historic reform of the country's judicial structure. This legislation officially dismantled the 78-year-old Prosecutor's Office system and established two new institutions: the Public Prosecution Service and the Major Crimes Investigation Office, effectively separating investigative powers from prosecutorial powers.

The reform involved abolishing the Prosecutor's Office previously under the Ministry of Justice and creating the Public Prosecution Service, which remains under the Ministry of Justice and is responsible solely for prosecution, while the Major Crimes Investigation Office, under the Ministry of the Interior and Safety, handles the investigation of major criminal cases. Ordinary criminal investigations are transferred to the police, with major cases handled by the new institutions during a one-year transition period ending in September 2026.

The political backdrop of this reform stems from the longstanding dominance of the Prosecutor's Office, which historically wielded independent investigative and prosecutorial authority, directing police investigations and utilizing the “special prosecutor” system to investigate presidents, a phenomenon often referred to as the "Blue House curse," where successive presidents faced legal scrutiny. President Lee Jae-myung and the Democratic Party initiated the reforms to curb the power of prosecutors and reduce the risk of political figures being subjected to judicial retaliation.

Reactions were deeply divided. The ruling party hailed the reform as a decisive move to end prosecutorial dominance and prevent political interference in the judiciary. In contrast, opposition lawmakers from the People Power Party staged a walkout in protest, claiming that the changes undermine judicial independence. Within the prosecutorial system, dozens of prosecutors resigned in objection, questioning the constitutionality of the reform and warning that it could impair case-handling efficiency.

Looking ahead, right-wing groups plan to challenge the reform through constitutional lawsuits and public campaigns, while uncertainties remain regarding the new institutions’ responsibilities, staffing, and coordination with existing judicial mechanisms. The one-year transition period may also present operational challenges and potential disruptions as the system adjusts to its restructured framework.